A. Ogawidwa ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi (dera la nyanja)
1. Kusodza kwakukulu pamtunda m'madzi apakati (mitsinje, nyanja ndi madamu)
Usodzi wa m'madzi a m'nyanja ndi ntchito zazikulu zosodza pamtunda m'mitsinje, m'nyanja ndi m'malo osungiramo madzi.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi, kuya kwamadzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kozama.Mwachitsanzo, Mtsinje wa Yangtze, Mtsinje wa Pearl, Heilongjiang, Taihu Lake, Nyanja ya Dongting, Nyanja ya Poyang, Nyanja ya Qinghai, ndi madamu akuluakulu (kusungirako 10 × Kuposa 107m3), posungira sing'anga (kusungira mphamvu 1.00) × 107 ~ 107 ~ 10 × 107m3), ndi zina zotero. Ambiri mwa madziwa ndi magulu achilengedwe a nsomba kapena nyama zina zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi chuma chochuluka.Chifukwa chakuti chilengedwe chakunja kwa madziwa n’chosiyana, ndiponso zinthu zogwirira ntchito zausodzi n’zosiyanasiyana, zida zawo zophera nsomba komanso njira zophera nsomba zimakhalanso zosiyana.Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popha nsomba ndi ma gill net, trawl ndi dragnet, makamaka zosungiramo madzi akuluakulu ndi apakati.Chifukwa cha madera ovuta komanso mawonekedwe a nthaka, ena ali ndi madzi akuya kuposa 100m, ndipo ena amatengera njira yophatikizira usodzi yotsekereza, kuyendetsa galimoto, kubaya ndi kutambasula, komanso mphete yayikulu ya Seine net, trawl yoyandama ndi madzi osanjikiza. trawl.M'nyengo yozizira ku Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang ndi madera ena, ndizothandizanso kukoka maukonde pansi pa ayezi.Tsopano asodzi ena ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito2000w zitsulo zosodza nyali za halidem'nyanja kukagwira sardines usiku
B. Usodzi wa m’mphepete mwa nyanja
Usodzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, womwe umadziwikanso kuti usodzi m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, umatanthawuza kusodza nyama za m'madzi kuchokera kumadera apakati kupita kumadzi osaya okhala ndi madzi akuya 40m.Dera la m'nyanjayi simalo oberekerako ndi manenedwe a nsomba zikuluzikulu, nkhanu ndi nkhanu, komanso ndi malo otalikirana ndi mafunde.Malo opha nsomba m'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zonse akhala malo akuluakulu opha nsomba ku China.Yathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha nsomba za m'nyanja za China.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi malo ovuta kwambiri ophera nsomba.Zida zake zazikulu zophera nsomba ndi gill net, purse seine net, trawl, ukonde, ukonde wotseguka, kuyala ukonde, kuwerenga ukonde, kuphimba, msampha, zogwirira nsomba, minga, poto, ndi zina zambiri.M'mbuyomu, popanga nyengo zazikulu zausodzi ku China, zinthu zambiri zam'madzi zam'madzi zidapangidwa m'derali lamadzi, makamaka nsomba zotseguka, nsomba zam'miphika ndi misampha m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu. nsomba zachuma, shrimp ndi mphutsi zawo zinagwidwa m'madzi osaya;Nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono zapansi, trawls, truss trawls, maukonde apansi ndi zida zina zophera nsomba ndi nsomba zam'madzi m'nyanja;Raking minga kugwira nkhono ndi nkhono m'dera nyanja, ndipo akwaniritsa zokolola zambiri.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama za zombo za usodzi ndi zida za usodzi, mphamvu ya usodzi ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo kasamalidwe ndi chitetezo sikokwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ziphatikizidwe, makamaka zida zapansi za usodzi, zomwe zikupangitsa kuchepa kwa nsomba. zothandizira.Momwe mungasinthire kuchuluka kwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za usodzi, kulimbikitsa njira zosungira zosodza ndikusintha kachitidwe ka usodzi idzakhala ntchito yayikulu m'madzi.
C. Usodzi wa m'nyanja
Usodzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja umatanthawuza kugwira ntchito kwa usodzi m'madzi apakati pa 40 ~ 100m.Dera lamadzi ili ndi malo osamukirako, kudyetserako ndi kusungirako nyengo yozizira nsomba zazikulu zachuma ndi shrimp, komanso ndi nsomba zambiri.Njira zazikulu zophera nsomba ndi trawl, light induced Purse Seine, drift gill net, nsomba zazitali, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chakuti ili kutali kwambiri ndi gombe, kachulukidwe ka nsomba ndizochepa kuposa zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito zausodzi zimakhala ndi zofunikira zapamwamba za zombo zapamadzi ndi zida za usodzi.Choncho, pali zombo zophera nsomba ndi zida zophera nsomba zochepa kuposa zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja.Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nsomba m’madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja, mphamvu za usodzi zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira m’dera la nyanja imeneyi m’zaka zaposachedwapa.Momwemonso, chifukwa chakuchulukira kwa usodzi, zosodza za m'nyanja zatsikanso.Choncho, sizinganyalanyazidwe kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za usodzi, kuyang'anira ndi kulimbikitsa njira zotetezera m'nyanja kuti zikhale zokhazikika.magetsi opha nsomba usikuzoyikidwa pa zombo zausodzi za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimangokhala pafupifupi 120.
D. Usodzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja
Usodzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja umatanthawuza kupanga zowedza nyama zam'madzi m'dera lakuya la 100m isobath, monga kusodza m'madzi aku East China Sea ndi South China Sea.Mackerel, SCAD, ginseng ndi nsomba zina za pelagic m'nyanja ya East China Sea, ndi nsomba zapansi monga nsomba zam'mwamba, ma cephalopods, tailed tailed bigeye snapper, nsomba zam'mutu, Paralichthys olivaceus ndi wamasiye amatha kupangidwa.Zosodza kunja kwa Nyanja ya South China ndizolemera, ndipo nsomba zazikulu za pelagic ndi mackerel, xiulei, Zhuying fish, Indian double fin Shao, high body if SCAD, etc;Nsomba zazikulu za pansi ndi yellow snapper, flank softfish, goldfish, bigeye snapper, ndi zina zotero. Nsomba za m'nyanjayi zimaphatikizapo tuna, bonito, swordfish, blue marlin (yomwe imadziwika kuti black skin swordfish ndi black marlin).Kuphatikiza apo, shark, petals, nsomba zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, ma cephalopods ndi crustaceans zitha kupangidwanso ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Njira zazikuluzikulu zogwirira ntchito zikuphatikizapo trawl, gill net, dragline fishing, etc. Chifukwa chakuti madzi akunyanja ali kutali ndi gombe lamtunda, zofunikira za zombo zopha nsomba, zida zopha nsomba ndi zipangizo ndizokwera, mtengo wake wophera nsomba ndi waukulu, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi mtengo wotulutsa si waukulu kwambiri.Choncho, amaletsa mwachindunji chitukuko cha nsomba.Komabe, poganizira zofuna zanthawi yayitali zoteteza ufulu ndi zokonda zapanyanja za China, tiyenera kukulitsa usodzi m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zosodza za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa nsomba m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso kuthandizira ndondomeko ndi kulimbikitsa kukula kwa usodzi wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
F. Usodzi wa Pelagic
Usodzi wakutali, womwe umadziwikanso kuti pelagic fishing, umatanthawuza ntchito zopanga zosonkhanitsa ndikugwira nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi kunyanja kutali ndi dziko la China kapena m'madzi omwe ali m'manja mwa mayiko ena.Pali malingaliro awiri a nsomba za pelagic: choyamba, ntchito zausodzi m'madzi a pelagic 200 N mailosi kuchokera kumtunda wa China, kuphatikizapo ntchito zausodzi m'nyanja yakuya ndi m'nyanja zazikulu ndi madzi akuya oposa 200m;Wina akusodza m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja a mayiko ena kapena zigawo zakutali ndi dziko lawo, kapena usodzi wa transoceanic.Monga nsomba za transoceanic pelagic zikuchitika m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'maiko ena ndi zigawo, kuphatikiza kusaina nawo mgwirizano wausodzi ndi kulipira misonkho yausodzi kapena chindapusa chogwiritsa ntchito zida, zombo zazing'ono zopha nsomba ndi zida zophera nsomba ndi zida zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popha nsomba. .Ntchito zazikulu za usodzi ndi monga ma single bottom trawl, double bottom trawl, nsomba za tuna longline, nsomba za sikwidi mopepuka, ndi zina.Usodzi wa m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja yakuya umafunikira zombo zosodzera zokhala ndi zida zogwirira ntchito komanso zida zofananira zomwe zimatha kupirira mphepo yamkuntho ndi mafunde komanso kuyenda mtunda wautali.Zosodza za m’madera a m’nyanjazi zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, ndipo zida zopha nsomba zimasiyananso;Njira zambiri zophera nsomba ndi nsomba za tuna, nsomba zazikulu zapakatikati ndi pansi, nsomba za tuna purse seine, usodzi wopepuka wa sikwidi, ndi zina zotero. ndipo usodzi wochititsa chidwi ndi nyama wa nyama zomwe kale zinali nsomba za pelagic.Potengera momwe zinthu ziliri komanso chitukuko cha Pelagic Fisheries yaku China, mfundo zothandizira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ku Pelagic Fisheries mtsogolomo.
G. Usodzi wa polar
Usodzi wa polar, womwe umadziwikanso kuti usodzi wa polar, umatanthawuza ntchito zopanga zosonkhanitsa ndi kugwira nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimapeza chuma m'madzi ku Antarctic kapena ku Arctic.Pakali pano, mitundu yokhayo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito podyera nsomba ku Antarctic ndi Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Antarctic cod (Notothenia coriicepas) ndi silver fish (pleurogramma antarcticum) Nsodzi za Antarctic krill ndizochuluka kwambiri.Pakalipano, ku China kusodza ndi chitukuko cha Antarctic krill akadali pagawo loyamba, ndi nsomba voliyumu ya matani 10000-30000 ndi malo ogwira ntchito pafupifupi 60 ° s m'madzi ozungulira Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands).Mphamvu ya bwato la nsomba ndi kilowatts angapo, ndi zipangizo zopangira;Opaleshoni mode ndi wapakati mlingo umodzi kuukoka;Mapangidwe a Antarctic krill trawl net amakhala ndi magawo anayi kapena 6-Piece.Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi ukonde wanthawi zonse wa trawl wapakati ndikuti kukula kwa mauna a chikwama cha ukonde ndi mauna a mutu wa thumba kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kuti krill asathawe pa mauna.Kukula kwa mauna ochepa ndi 20mm, ndipo kutalika kwa ukonde nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopitilira 100m.Mukamagwira ntchito m'madzi osaya pansi pa 200m, liwiro lakugwa la ukonde ndi 0.3m/s, ndipo liwiro la trawl ndi (2.5 ± 0.5) kn.
H. Usodzi wosangalatsa
Usodzi wosangalatsa, womwe umadziwikanso kuti usodzi wosangalatsa, womwe umadziwikanso kuti "usodzi wosangalatsa", umatanthawuza mtundu uliwonse wa usodzi ndi cholinga chofuna kupuma, zosangalatsa ndi masewera am'madzi.Nthawi zambiri, umakhala usodzi wa ndodo komanso usodzi wamanja.Nsomba zina m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo zina pamabwato apadera.Usodzi wamtunduwu ndi wawung'ono, womwe nthawi zambiri umachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja, maiwe kapena madamu, koma palinso kusambira ndi usodzi kunyanja yakutali.Pambuyo pokwaniritsa zosoŵa zazikulu za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku monga zovala, chakudya, nyumba ndi zoyendera, anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amalondola zinthu zakuthupi zapamwamba ndi chisangalalo chauzimu.Ku United States, kusodza kwasanduka bizinesi yaikulu ndipo kumakhudza kwambiri chuma cha dziko ndiponso moyo wa anthu.Usodzi ukukulanso m'malo ena ku China.
2. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopha nsomba ndi njira yopha nsomba
Malinga ndi zida zophera nsomba ndi njira zophera nsomba, pali usodzi wa gill net, usodzi wa purse seine, usodzi wa trawl, usodzi wapansi, usodzi waukonde, usodzi wa net laying, usodzi wokopera ukonde, usodzi wokhota, usodzi wolowetsa ukonde, kumanga ukonde ndi usodzi wosanjikiza, usodzi wa matabwa, usodzi wautali, usodzi wa makola, usodzi wopepuka, ndi zina zotero. Njira zosiyanasiyana zophera nsomba ndi matanthauzo ake zidzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'mitu yofunikira ya bukhuli.
3. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zombo zophera nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zinthu zopha nsomba ndi mawonekedwe ake
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zombo zophera nsomba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zopha nsomba ndi mawonekedwe ake, pali single boat trawl, double boat trawl, floating trawl, bottom trawl, middle trawl ndi variable water layer trawl.Kuyika kwa 1000w metal halide fishing light boat single Seine nsomba, kuyika kwa4000w chitsulo cha halide nyali nsombaUsodzi wa mabwato angapo a Seine, kuphatikizika kopepuka kwa Seine (kuyika nyali za LED);Usodzi wautali (kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ophatikizira maboti ndinyali zophera pansi pamadzi zobiriwira), ndi zina.
Nkhaniyi yachokera ku chiphunzitso cha zida zophera nsomba m'dera la Yellow Sea ndi Bohai Sea.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-12-2022