A. Ihlukaniswe ngendawo yokusebenza yamanzi (indawo yolwandle)
1. Ukudoba endaweni enkulu emanzini aphakathi nezwe (imifula, amachibi namadamu)
Ukudoba emanzini amaphakathi nezwe kubhekisela emisebenzini emikhulu yokudoba emanzini emifuleni, emachibini nasemachibini.Ngenxa yobubanzi bamanzi angaphezulu, ukujula kwamanzi ngokuvamile kujulile.Isibonelo, umfula i-Yangtze, umfula i-Pearl, i-Heilongjiang, i-Taihu Lake, i-Dongting Lake, i-Poyang Lake, i-Qinghai Lake, kanye namachibi amakhulu (umthamo wokugcina 10 × Ngaphezu kuka-107m3), ichibi eliphakathi nendawo (umthamo wokugcina 1.00) × 107~ 10 × 107m3), njll. Iningi lala manzi ngamaqembu emvelo ezinhlanzi noma ezinye izilwane zasemanzini ezinomnotho ezinothile ngezinsiza zokudoba.Ngenxa yokuthi izimo zemvelo zangaphandle zala manzi zihlukile, nezinsiza zokudoba zihlukahlukene, izinto zabo zokudoba nezindlela zokudoba nazo zihlukile.Izikhali zokudoba ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa inethi ye-gill, trawl ne-ground dragnet, ikakhulukazi yamadamu amakhulu naphakathi nendawo.Ngenxa yesimo sezwe esiyinkimbinkimbi nesimo sezwe, ezinye zinokujula kwamanzi okungaphezu kuka-100m, kanti ezinye zisebenzisa indlela yokudoba ehlangene yokuvimba, ukushayela, ukugwaza nokuzelula, kanye nendandatho enkulu ye-Seine net, i-trawl entantayo kanye nongqimba lwamanzi oluguquguqukayo. udoti.Ebusika e-Inner Mongolia, e-Heilongjiang nakwezinye izifunda, kuyasiza futhi ukudonsa amanetha ngaphansi kweqhwa.Manje abanye abadobi sebeqalile ukusebenzisa2000w izibani zokudoba zensimbi ze-halideechibini ukuze ubambe ama-sardine ebusuku
B. Ukudoba ogwini
Ukudoba ogwini, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukudoba emanzini asogwini, kubhekisela ekudobeni kwezilwane zasemanzini ukusuka endaweni ephakathi kwamagagasi kuya emanzini angashoni anamanzi ajule angama-40m.Le ndawo yasolwandle ayiyona nje indawo yokuzalela nokukhuluphalisa izinhlanzi eziyinhloko zezomnotho, izimfanzi nenkalankala, kodwa futhi iyindawo enkulu ehlangana namagagasi.Indawo yokudoba ogwini ibilokhu iyisizinda sokudoba esiyinhloko semisebenzi yokudoba olwandle yaseChina.Ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwemboni yokudoba olwandle yaseShayina.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi kuyindawo yokudoba enzima kakhulu ukuphatha.Izimpahla zayo eziyinhloko zokudoba zihlanganisa inetha le-gill, i-purse seine net, i-trawl, inetha eliphansi, inetha elivulekile, ukubeka inetha, ukufunda inetha, ikhava, isicupho, izintambo zokudoba, i-rake thorn, ibhodwe lekheji, njll. cishe zonke izinto zokudoba nezindlela zokusebenza zinazo.Esikhathini esedlule, ekukhiqizweni kwezinkathi ezinkulu zokudoba eShayina, inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yasemanzini yasolwandle yakhiqizwa kule ndawo yamanzi, ikakhulukazi indawo yokudoba ngamanethi avulekile, indawo yokudoba amabhodwe amakheji kanye nezindawo zokudoba izicupho ogwini nasogwini, kanye nenani elikhulu. zezinhlanzi zezomnotho, izimfanzi nezibungu zazo zazibanjwe emanzini angashoni;Amanethi angaphansi amancane naphakathi nendawo, amanethi angaphansi, ama-truss trawl, amanetha angaphansi kanye nezinye izinto zokudoba ukuze kubanjwe amaqoqo ezinhlanzi ezingaphansi kanye nezimfanzi endaweni yolwandle;I-Raking meva ibamba i-shellfish kanye neminenke endaweni yolwandle, futhi izuze isivuno esiphezulu.Ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali kwemikhumbi yokudoba kanye nezimpahla zokudoba, izinga lokudoba likhulu kakhulu futhi nokuphathwa nokuvikela akwanele, okuholela ekudobeni ngokweqile kwemithombo yokudoba yasogwini nasogwini, ikakhulukazi izinsiza zokudoba eziphansi, okwenza ukwehla kwamandla emboni yokudoba. izinsiza.Indlela yokulungisa inani lemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokudoba, ukuqinisa izinyathelo zokulondoloza izinsiza zokudoba kanye nokulungisa isakhiwo sokudoba kuyoba umsebenzi oyinhloko wendawo yamanzi.
C. Ukudoba ogwini
Ukudoba ogwini kubhekisela ekudobeni emanzini angaphansi kwebanga elingama-40 ~ 100m.Le ndawo yamanzi iyindawo yokufuduka, ukuphakela kanye nendawo yokuhlala yasebusika yezinhlanzi eziyinhloko zezomnotho nezimfanzi, futhi inothile ngezinsiza zokudoba.Izindlela eziyinhloko zokudoba i-bottom trawl, i-Purse Induced net, i-drift gill net, ukudoba ngodobo olude, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi iqhelelene nogu, ukuminyana kwezinsiza zokudoba kuphansi kunaleyo egudle ulwandle.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi yokudoba inezidingo eziphakeme zemikhumbi yokudoba kanye nezimpahla zokudoba.Ngakho-ke, mincane imikhumbi yokudoba kanye nempahla yokudoba eyenza imisebenzi yokudoba kunaleyo egudle ulwandle.Nokho, ngokuncipha kwezinsiza zokudoba emanzini asogwini, amandla okudoba agxile kule ndawo yolwandle eminyakeni yamuva nje.Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yomfutho wokudoba ngokweqile, izinsiza zokudoba endaweni yolwandle nazo zehlile.Ngakho-ke, ngeke kushaywe indiva ukuqhubeka nokulungisa imisebenzi yokudoba, ukuphatha nokuqinisa izinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo endaweni yolwandle ukuze kusimame.Ngakho-ke, inani labaizibani zokudoba ebusukuukufakwa emikhunjini yokudoba ogwini kulinganiselwe cishe i-120.
D. Ukudoba ogwini
Ukudoba ogwini kubhekisela emisebenzini yokukhiqiza izilwane zasemanzini ekujuleni kolwandle endaweni ejulile ye-isobath eyi-100m, njengokudoba emanzini asolwandle lwase-East China kanye nolwandle oluseNingizimu ne-China.I-Mackerel, i-SCAD, i-ginseng nezinye izinhlanzi ze-pelagic olwandle olusolwandle olusempumalanga ye-China Sea, nezinhlanzi ezingaphansi njenge-stonehead fish, ama-cephalopods, i-shorttailed bigeye snapper, i-square headed fish, i-Paralichthys olivaceus kanye nomfelokazi kusengathuthukiswa.Izinsiza zokudoba ngaphandle kwe-South China Sea zicebile uma kuqhathaniswa, kanti izinhlanzi eziyinhloko ze-pelagic yi-mackerel, i-xiulei, i-Zhuying fish, i-Indian double fin Shao, i-high body if SCAD, njll;Izinhlanzi eziyinhloko ezingaphansi yi-yellow snapper, flank soft fish, goldfish, bigeye snapper, njll. Izinhlanzi zasolwandle zihlanganisa i-tuna, i-bonito, i-swordfish, i-marlin eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (eyaziwa kakhulu nge-black skin swordfish kanye ne-black marlin).Ukwengeza, oshaka, amacembe, izinhlanzi zamatshe, ama-cephalopod nama-crustaceans angathuthukiswa futhi asetshenziswe.Izindlela zokusebenza eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-bottom trawl, i-gill net, i-dragline fishing, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi asogwini akude nogu lwezwe, izidingo zemikhumbi yokudoba, izinto zokudoba kanye nemishini ziphezulu, izindleko zokudoba zinkulu, futhi umphumela kanye inani lokukhiphayo alilikhulu kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ivimbela ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokudoba.Kodwa-ke, uma sicabangela izithakazelo zesikhathi eside zokuvikela amalungelo nezithakazelo zaseShayina zasolwandle, kufanele sithuthukise ukudoba emanzini asogwini, sisebenzise ngokugcwele izinsiza zokudoba olwandle, sinciphise ingcindezi emithonjeni yokudoba emanzini asogwini nasogwini, futhi sinikeze ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo kanye ukugqugquzela ukwanda kokudoba ogwini.
F. Ukudoba i-Pelagic
Ukudoba kude, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi i-pelagic fishing, kubhekisela emisebenzini yokukhiqiza yokuqoqa nokubamba izilwane eziphila emanzini olwandle olukude nezwe laseShayina noma emanzini angaphansi kwamanye amazwe.Kunemiqondo emibili yokudoba i-pelagic: okokuqala, imisebenzi yokudoba emanzini e-pelagic eqhele ngamamayela angu-200 N ukusuka ezweni laseShayina, okuhlanganisa ukudoba olwandle olujulile nolwandle oluphakeme ngokujula kwamanzi angaphezu kwama-200m;Okunye ukudoba emanzini asogwini nasogwini kwamanye amazwe noma izifunda ezikude nezwe lazo, noma ukudoba olwandle.Njengoba ukudoba kwe-transoceanic pelagic kwenziwa emanzini asogwini nasogwini kwamanye amazwe nezifunda, ngaphezu kokusayina izivumelwano zokudoba nabo kanye nokukhokha intela yokudoba noma izimali zokusebenzisa izinsiza, imikhumbi emincane yokudoba kanye nempahla yokudoba kanye nempahla ingasetshenziselwa ukudoba. .Imisebenzi yokudoba eyinhloko ihlanganisa i-single bottom trawl, i-double bottom trawl, ukudoba i-tuna ngodobo olude, ukudoba ama-squid okwenziwa ukukhanya, njll Imisebenzi yokudoba eNingizimu ye-Asia nezinye izindawo zasolwandle ezifanele konke ukudoba olwandle.Kokubili ukudoba olwandle nokudoba ekujuleni kolwandle kudinga imikhumbi yokudoba ehlome kahle kanye nezimpahla zokudoba ezihambisanayo ezingamelana nemimoya enamandla namagagasi nokuhamba ibanga elide.Izinsiza zokudoba kulezi zindawo zolwandle ziyehluka ngokwezindawo, kanti nezinto zokudoba ezisetshenziswayo nazo zihlukile;Izindlela zokudoba ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ukudoba i-tuna ngodobo olude, i-middle-level trawl kanye ne-bottom trawl, i-tuna purse seine, ukudoba ama-squid okwenziwa ukukhanya, njll. futhi ukudoba ama-squid okubangelwa ukukhanya kungokwendawo yokudoba i-pelagic yangaphambili.Uma kubhekwa isimo samanje nendlela yokuthuthuka ye-Pelagic Fisheries yaseShayina, kufanele kwamukelwe izinqubomgomo ezisekela i-Pelagic Fisheries esikhathini esizayo.
G. Ukudoba kwe-Polar
Ukudoba emanzini, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukudoba ezindaweni ezishisayo, kubhekisela emisebenzini yokukhiqiza yokuqoqa nokubamba izilwane eziphila emanzini ezomnotho e-Antarctic noma emanzini ase-Arctic.Njengamanje, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo futhi ezisetshenziswa ezinsizeni zokudoba e-Antarctic i-Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), i-Antarctic cod (Notothenia coriicepas) ne-silver fish (pleurogramma antarcticum) Ukubanjwa kwe-Antarctic krill inkulu kakhulu.Njengamanje, ukudoba nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Antarctic krill yase-China kusesesigabeni sokuqala, nomthamo wokudoba wamathani angu-10000-30000 kanye nendawo yokusebenza engaba ngu-60 ° s emanzini azungeze iziqhingi zaseMalvinas (Falkland Islands).Amandla esikebhe sokudoba ama-kilowatts amaningana, anemishini yokucubungula;Imodi yokusebenza iwukudonsa okukodwa kwezinga eliphakathi;Isakhiwo se-Antarctic krill trawl net ngokuyinhloko siyi-4-piece noma 6-Piece.Umehluko omkhulu kunayo yonke kunethi yendabuko yeleveli emaphakathi ukuthi usayizi wenetha wesikhwama senetha kanye nenetha yekhanda lesikhwama kumele kube kuncane ukuze kuvinjwe i-krill ukuthi ingaphunyuki kumanetha.Ubuncane besayizi yenetha bungama-20mm, kanti ubude benethi ngokuvamile bungaphezu kuka-100m.Uma isebenza emanzini angashoni ngaphansi kwama-200m, isivinini esiwayo senetha singu-0.3m/s, futhi isivinini sokudonsa ngamanethi ngu-(2.5 ± 0.5) kn.
H. Ukudoba kwezokungcebeleka
Ukudoba kwezokungcebeleka, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi yizindawo zokudoba zokungcebeleka, ezaziwa nangokuthi “izindawo zokudoba zokuzithokozisa”, zibhekisela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemisebenzi yokudoba ngenjongo yokuzilibazisa, ukuzijabulisa kanye nemidlalo yasemanzini.Ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi ukudoba ngezinduku nokudoba ngezandla.Ezinye izinhlanzi ogwini, kanti ezinye zidoba ezikebheni ezikhethekile.Lolu hlobo lwevolumu yokudoba luncane, oluvame ukuqhutshwa ngasogwini, amachibi noma amadamu, kodwa kukhona nokubhukuda nokudoba olwandle olukude.Ngemva kokuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphila kwansuku zonke njengezingubo zokugqoka, ukudla, indawo yokuhlala nezinto zokuhamba, abantu bavame ukuphishekela izinto ezibonakalayo nezinga eliphezulu lokuzijabulisa okungokomoya.E-United States, ukudoba kuye kwaba imboni enkulu futhi kunendima ebalulekile emnothweni wezwe nokuphila kwabantu.Ukudoba kuyathuthuka kwezinye izindawo eShayina.
2. Ngezimpahla zokudoba kanye nendlela yokudoba esetshenziswayo
Ngokwezisetshenziswa zokudoba nezindlela zokudoba ezisetshenziswayo, kukhona ukudoba ngamanethi ngama-gill, ukudoba ngamanethi, ukudoba ngamanethi, ukudoba ngamanethi avulekile, ukudoba ngamanethi, ukukopisha ngenetha, ukudoba ngamanethi, ukudoba amanethi, ukwakha amanetha kanye nokudoba. ukudoba ngokubeka, ukudoba ama-foil, ukudoba ngezindobo ezinde, ukudoba amahhoko, ukudoba okubangelwa ukukhanya, njll. Izindlela zokudoba nezincazelo zayo ezihlukahlukene zizochazwa kabanzi ezahlukweni ezifanele zale ncwadi.
3. Ngokwenani lemikhumbi yokudoba esetshenzisiwe, izinto zokudoba kanye nezici zokusebenza
Ngokwenani lemikhumbi yokudoba esetshenzisiwe, izinto zokudoba kanye nezici zokusebenza, kukhona i-single boat trawl, i-double boat trawl, i-floating trawl, i-bottom trawl, i-middle trawl kanye ne-variable water layer trawl.Ukufakwa kwe-1000w metal halide yokudoba ukukhanya isikebhe esisodwa sokudoba i-Seine, ukufakwa kweIsibani sokudoba se-4000w sensimbi ye-halideukudoba ngezikebhe eziningi ze-Seine, ukungeniswa ukukhanya kwe-Seine ukudoba (ukufakwa kwesibani sokudoba se-LED);Ukudoba ngomugqa omude (usebenzisa izibani zokudoba izikebhe kanyeamalambu okudoba angaphansi kwamanzi), njll.
Lesi sihloko sithathwe kumbono ovamile wezinto zokudoba endaweni ye-Yellow Sea kanye ne-Bohai Sea.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-12-2022